Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 – February 18, 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther is best known for his role in challenging the Roman Catholic Church's practices and doctrines, particularly the sale of indulgences, which culminated in his nailing of the Ninety-Five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg in 1517. His defiance of papal authority led to the formation of a new branch of Christianity: Lutheranism. ¹⁾

Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Saxony, part of the Holy Roman Empire, to Hans and Margarethe Luther. His father, a prosperous miner, hoped Martin would become a lawyer. Luther began his education at local schools and, in 1501, entered the University of Erfurt, where he earned a Bachelor’s and later a Master’s degree.

In 1505, following a dramatic experience during a thunderstorm, where he vowed to become a monk if he survived, Luther entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt, forsaking his law studies. He was ordained as a priest in 1507. Luther later remarked that despite his devotion to monastic life, he felt overwhelmed by guilt and the burden of his own sin, which led him to seek deeper theological understanding.

In 1508, Luther began teaching at the University of Wittenberg, where he eventually earned his Doctor of Theology degree in 1512. As a professor of biblical studies, Luther became deeply influenced by the writings of St. Augustine and Scripture, particularly the Epistles of Paul. Through his studies, Luther developed the belief that salvation came not by human works but through faith in God's grace alone — a concept that became the foundation of Lutheran theology.

Luther’s dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church came to a head with the sale of indulgences—a practice where the Church offered remission of punishment for sins, often in exchange for financial contributions. On October 31, 1517, Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. The document criticized the Church's sale of indulgences and questioned the authority of the pope to grant them.

While Luther intended the theses to inspire debate, they quickly spread across Europe, fueling calls for reform and igniting what would later be known as the Protestant Reformation.

In 1520, Pope Leo X issued a papal bull condemning Luther's teachings, and in 1521, Luther was summoned to appear before Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms, an imperial assembly. When asked to recant his writings, Luther famously refused, stating: “Here I stand, I can do no other.” As a result, he was declared an outlaw and excommunicated from the Catholic Church.

After the Diet of Worms, Luther was taken into protective custody by Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, and hidden in Wartburg Castle. During his time in hiding, Luther translated the New Testament into German, making the Bible accessible to common people and establishing a model for modern translations.

Luther’s theological contributions include the core Protestant beliefs of sola fide (justification by faith alone), sola scriptura (Scripture alone as the ultimate authority), and the priesthood of all believers. He rejected the Catholic belief in the efficacy of indulgences and the authority of the pope and councils.

Luther retained two of the seven Catholic sacraments: Baptism and the Eucharist. He argued that Christ was truly present in the Eucharist, though he rejected the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation.

While emphasizing salvation by faith, Luther acknowledged that good works were the natural result of true faith, but he firmly opposed the notion that they could contribute to one’s salvation.

In 1524–1525, the German Peasants’ War erupted, as peasants, inspired in part by Luther's teachings on freedom, rebelled against their feudal lords. Though initially sympathetic to their cause, Luther condemned the violence and sided with the princes, urging them to crush the rebellion. This stance damaged his popularity among the lower classes but solidified his support among the ruling elite.

In 1525, Luther married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. Their marriage, considered radical at the time, symbolized Luther's break from monasticism and the Catholic ideal of clerical celibacy. Luther and Katharina had six children, and their home became a model of the Protestant pastor’s household.

Luther continued writing and preaching throughout his life. In his later years, he became increasingly polemical, particularly in his writings against Judaism, which have been heavily criticized for their harsh tone and anti-Semitic content.

On February 18, 1546, Martin Luther died in his hometown of Eisleben. His death marked the end of one of the most influential lives in Western Christianity, but his legacy endured through the churches and theological principles that bore his name.

Martin Luther’s legacy is immense. His translation of the Bible into German not only made Scripture accessible to the masses but also standardized the German language. Luther’s teachings laid the foundation for the Lutheran Church and significantly influenced the broader Protestant Reformation.

Luther’s ideas contributed to the shaping of modern Christianity, promoting the notion of individual conscience, the importance of Scripture, and the centrality of faith in religious life. While his writings had complex and sometimes controversial implications, particularly concerning his later attitudes toward Jews, his impact on Western religious and cultural history is profound.

Luther was a prolific writer. Some of his most important works include:

• The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) – the catalyst of the Reformation.
• On the Freedom of a Christian (1520) – a treatise on faith and works.
• The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520) – a critique of Catholic sacraments.
• The Small and Large Catechisms (1529) – instructional guides for laypeople and clergy.
• German Translation of the Bible (New Testament 1522, complete Bible 1534).